Cassia is the dried inner bark of several Cinnamomum species, and is often sold as cinnamon in some countries. It has a similar flavour but is less aromatic than true cinnamon.
Bay leaf is the dried leaf of the bay laurel tree, which is used as a herb in many cuisines. It has a distinctive fragrance and a slightly bitter taste.
Sassafras is the dried bark of the sassafras tree, which is used as a spice and a flavouring agent in some beverages and foods. It has a sweet and spicy aroma and a lemony taste.
Paprika is the dried and ground fruit of the Capsicum annuum plant, which is also known as bell pepper, sweet pepper, or chili pepper. It is used as a spice and a colouring agent in many dishes. It has a mild to hot and smoky flavour, depending on the variety and processing.
Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of the nutmeg tree, which is also the source of mace. It is used as a spice in sweet and savoury dishes, and has a warm and nutty flavour.